Note: The following eight comments are applicable to this Rule 1.15A and to Rule 1.15B, Rule 1.15C, Rule 1.15D, and Rule 1.15E.

[1] Trust accounts containing funds of clients or third persons held in connection with a representation must be interest-bearing or dividend-paying for the benefit of the clients or third persons or, if the funds are nominal in amount or expected to be held for a short period of time, for the benefit of the Colorado Lawyer Trust Account Foundation (“COLTAF”). A lawyer should exercise good faith judgment in determining initially whether funds are of such nominal amount or are expected to be held by the lawyer for such a short period of time that the funds should not be placed in an interest-bearing account for the benefit of the client or third person. The lawyer should also consider such other factors as (i) the costs of establishing and maintaining the account, service charges, accounting fees, and tax report procedures; (ii) the nature of the transaction(s) involved; and (iii) the likelihood of delay in the relevant proceedings. A lawyer should review at reasonable intervals whether changed circumstances require further action respecting the deposit of such funds, including without limitation the action described in paragraph 1.15B(i).

[2] If a lawyer or law firm participates in Interest on Lawyer Trust Account (“IOLTA”) programs in more than one jurisdiction, including Colorado, IOLTA funds that the lawyer or law firm holds in connection with the practice of law in Colorado should be held in the lawyer or law firm’s COLTAF account (as defined in Rule 1.15B(2)(b)). The lawyer or law firm should exercise good faith judgment in determining which IOLTA funds it holds in connection with the practice of law in Colorado.

[3] Lawyers often receive funds from third parties from which the lawyer’s fee will be paid. If there is risk that the client may divert funds without paying the fee, the lawyer is not required to remit the portion from which the fee is to be paid. However, a lawyer may not hold funds to coerce a client into accepting the lawyer’s contention. The disputed portion of the funds should be kept in trust and the lawyer should suggest means for prompt resolution of the dispute, such as arbitration. The undisputed portion of the funds should be promptly distributed.

[4] Third parties, such as a client’s creditors, may have just claims against funds or other property in a lawyer’s custody. A lawyer may have a duty under applicable law to protect such third-party claims against wrongful interference by the client, and accordingly may refuse to surrender the property to the client. However, a lawyer should not unilaterally assume to arbitrate a dispute between the client and the third party.

[5] The obligations of a lawyer under this Rule are independent of those arising from activity other than rendering legal services. For example, a lawyer who serves as an escrow agent is governed by the applicable law relating to fiduciaries even though the lawyer does not render legal services in the transaction. See Rule 1.16(d) for standards applicable to retention of client papers.

[6] The duty to keep separate from the lawyer’s own property any property in which any other person claims an interest exists whether or not there is a dispute as to ownership of the property. Likewise, although the second sentence of Rule 1.15A(c) deals specifically with disputed ownership, the first sentence of that provision applies even if there is no dispute as to ownership.

[7] What constitutes “reasonable efforts,” within the meaning of Colo. RPC 1.15B(k), will depend on whether the lawyer does not know the identity of the owner of certain funds held in a COLTAF account, or the lawyer knows the identity of the owner of the funds but not the owner’s location or the location of a deceased owner’s heirs or personal representative. When the lawyer does not know the identity of the owner of the funds or a deceased owner’s heirs or personal representative, reasonable efforts include an audit of the COLTAF account to determine how and when the funds lost their association to a particular owner or owners, and whether they constitute attorneys’ fees earned by the lawyer or expenses to be reimbursed to the lawyer or a third person. When the lawyer knows the identity but not the location of the owner of the funds or the location of the owner’s heirs or personal representative, reasonable efforts include attempted contact using last known contact information, reviewing the file to identify and contact third parties who may know the location of the owner or the owner’s heirs or personal representative, and conducting internet searches. After making reasonable but unsuccessful efforts to identify and locate the owner of the funds or the owner’s heirs or personal representative, a lawyer’s decision to continue to hold funds in a COLTAF or other trust account, as opposed to remitting the funds to COLTAF, does not relieve the lawyer of the obligation to maintain records pursuant to Rule 1.15D(a)(1)(A) or to determine whether it is appropriate to maintain the funds in a COLTAF account, as opposed to a non-COLTAF trust account, pursuant to Colo. RPC 1.15B(b). When COLTAF has made a refund to a lawyer following the lawyer’s determination of the identity and the location of their owner or the identity and location of the owner’s heirs or personal representative, the lawyer’s obligations with respect to those funds are set forth in Colo. RPC 1.15A or are subject to applicable probate procedures or orders. The disposition of unclaimed funds held in the COLTAF account of a deceased lawyer is to be determined in accordance with written procedures published by COLTAF. [Comment 7 Added November 3, 2016]

[8] A lawyer should hold property of others with the care required of a professional fiduciary. Securities should be kept in a safe deposit box, except when some other form of safekeeping is warranted by special circumstances. A lawyer’s compliance with the Colorado Electronic Preservation of Abandoned Estate Planning Documents Act is consistent with the lawyer’s duty to safeguard property in paragraph 1.15A(a).